Trump v. United States addressed, whether former President Donald J. Trump is immune from criminal prosecution for allegedly attempting to overturn the results of the 2020 election. A federal grand jury indicted President Trump on four criminal counts: (1) conspiracy to defraud the United States by overturning the election results, (2) conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding (Congress’s certification of the electoral vote); (3) obstruction of, and attempt to obstruct, the certification of the electoral vote; and (4) conspiracy against the rights of persons to vote and to have their votes counted. President Trump asserted that the charges must be dismissed because he enjoys absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for all official acts he took as President—a category, he contended, that includes all acts alleged in the indictment.
President Trump’s immunity claim presented an issue of first impression because no former President of the United States has been criminally charged, and thus no court has been required to address presidential immunity in the criminal context. The Supreme Court has held that sitting and former Presidents are immune from civil suits based on their official acts while in office, but that Presidents (sitting or former) do not enjoy civil immunity for private or unofficial conduct. Presidential immunity from civil suits for official acts does not have an express textual basis in the Constitution; it is derived from, among other things, concerns that civil suits would distract Presidents’ attention and, impede government functioning.
Trump v. United States, 603 U.S., is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court determined that presidential immunity from criminal prosecution presumptively extends to all of a president's "official acts" – with absolute immunity for official acts within an exclusive presidential authority that Congress cannot regulate such as the pardon, command of the military, execution of laws, or control of the executive branch. The case extends from an ongoing federal trial to determine whether Donald Trump, president at the time, and others engaged in election interference during the 2020 election, including events during the January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol. It is the first time a case concerning criminal prosecution for alleged official acts of a president was brought before the Supreme Court.
On July 1, 2024, the Court ruled in a 6–3 decision, that Trump had absolute immunity for acts he committed as president within his core constitutional purview, at least presumptive immunity for official acts within the outer perimeter of his official responsibility, and no immunity for unofficial acts. The decision also provides the same immunity to all presidents, including incumbent President Joe Biden. It declined to rule on the scope of immunity for some of Trump's acts alleged in his indictment, instead vacating the appellate decision and remanding the case to the district court for further proceedings.